Working

Got a job or running your own business? Sort out your tax from day one.

To help finance your studies, you might decide to work either on a full-time or part-time basis – for an employer (in other words employed) or for yourself (in other words self-employed). You might work regularly throughout the year, but more often than not you will work more hours over your vacations.

All your earnings, whether from employment or self-employment, are liable to UK taxation if your earnings are sufficiently high. The UK income tax system works based on tax years that start on 6 April and end the following 5 April (for example the tax year 2018/19 runs from 6 April 2018 to 5 April 2019).The system works well for people with regular amounts of income, but, as a student, you may well not fall into this category: you might have more than one job at a time, move frequently between jobs, do work via an agency, take on an extra job during vacations, work overseas for a period of time, do a ‘sandwich’ course where you work for a year between periods of study or work for yourself.

You will need to take care that you do not pay more tax than you need to. If you are employed, your employer operates the Pay As You Earn (PAYE) system that takes both income tax and National Insurance contributions (NIC), if they are due, from your wages before paying you. However, as noted above, the PAYE system works best when you earn regular amounts of income from one employer. If you leave an employment part way through the year or have more than one job at a time, you may end up paying tax that you can claim back later. You need to take action because you may not be offered a tax refund – and you only have four years in which to claim it.

Income tax deductions from your pay normally take into account any previous pay from that same employer (and possibly from other employers too) in the tax year. By comparing the amounts earned cumulatively and tax already paid, the PAYE system deducts the appropriate amount from your pay. This works well normally until you leave the employer or take a second job.

National Insurance for employees does not work in the same way: it looks only at the contribution needed for that pay period. Thus earning a large sum in one week may lead to NIC being deducted from your pay that cannot be refunded, even though you normally earn a very small wage and ‘on average’ would not need to pay NIC.

On the other hand, if you are self-employed, you will need to report your own income to HM Revenue & Customs (‘HMRC’) and pay over the tax and NIC personally. We provide details of the main tax issues facing the self-employed on our parent website, www.litrg.org.uk.

Of course, some of the money you get may not be taxable – for example student grants, student loans or sponsorship money received. However, any student loan you get will have to be repaid, and it is usually repaid via the tax system while you are in the UK. In addition, you may receive some additional support if you are disabled or are a carer; alternatively you may receive tax credits. You should check carefully whether any state support you receive is taxable.

You may undertake temporary work through an agency, if this is the case you may want to refer to our page ‘agency workers’ which explains some of the tax issues you need to be aware of.

You may also undertake unpaid ‘work’ as a volunteer or intern to improve your chances of a permanent job in the future. If you are paid expenses in connection with this work, you may want to refer to our page ‘I am a volunteer- are there any tax rules I need to be aware of?’.

In the subsequent pages we cover taxation issues concerning both employment and self-employment (linking to our main LITRG website).

If you are not sure whether you are employed or self-employed, you should start by looking at our page Am I employed, self-employed, both or neither?

The pages covered are as follows: